Fighting against hostilities: Order and arbitration in medieval cities during the crisis. The Crown of Aragon on its interregnum

La llegada del Interregno a la Corona de Aragón (1410-1412) supuso el afianzamiento de los bandos en cada una de las ciudades de los territorios. La muerte del monarca Martín el Humano sin descendencia refleja lo que décadas atrás viene pasando: la violencia articulada en facciones ahora es un motivo más para el control exclusivo de las competencias políticas municipales. De este modo se perpetúa la violencia en villas y ciudades mientras que desde el regimiento público se lucha por la paz y tregua de los bandos no con mucho éxitoThe Interregnum in the Crown of Aragon (1410-1412) lived the consolidation of the factions in each city of each and every one of the countries. The death of Martin the Human without descendants reflects the result of all happened decades ago: the violence is constructed by factions and this is another reason to control exclusively the management of municipal policies. In a specific way the violence carries on in villages and cities whereas the municipal power tries to establish the peace and truce between the factions without succes

Factions, Violence and Municipal Power in the Absence of a King on the Throne of Aragon (1410-1412)

During the Interregnum (1410-1412), the Crown of Aragon went through one of its most critical periods in terms of violence, the states lived a monarchic vacuum because Martin the Humane had died leaving no heirs. During this process, towns and cities not only had to decide who their king would be, but they also had to deal with the several attempts of factions in order to take advantage in the control of power after the king’s death. The paper sets out to examine this period from the municipalities’ point of view, looking at how they dealt with the problems that they had to face up

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

La Taula de Canvis de la València del segle XV: política i societat a l’Interregne (1410-1412)

Aquest article tracta de comprendre quin ha estat el paper de la institució econòmica més important de la València medieval, la Taula de Canvis. Es tracta d’un observatori inèdit per comprendre la mobilitat social i els afers econòmics de la ciutat. A més a més amb ella es poden veure els moviments polítics i les lluites pel control del poder municipal en un període tan important com l’Interregne.Este articulo trata de comprender cuál ha sido el papel de la institución económica más importante de la Valencia medieval, la Taula de Canvis. Se trata de un observatorio inédito para comprender la movilidad social y los asuntos económicos de la Ciudad. Además, con ella, se pueden ver los movimientos políticos y las luchas por el control del poder municipal en un periodo tan importante como el Interregno

El poder municipal durante el Interregno en la Corona de Aragón (1410-1412)

La present tesi té com objectiu oferir un estudi sobre el paper que van tenir les ciutats i viles de reialme més importants de la Corona d’Aragó durant l’Interregne. Es tracta d’un moment on es viu un període de buit monàrquic ja que, arran la mort de Martí l’Humà sense descendència al 1410, els països integrants de la Corona van haver d’arribat a un acord per a la designació d’un nou monarca. En aquest procés destaquen una sèrie d’institucions i entitats com els municipis, una de les peces clau en aquest període i des dels quals es construirà i es cimentaran les polítiques bàsiques per a la gestió de la crisi. D’aquesta forma, el present estudi analitza quin va ser el paper de les ciutats i viles de la Corona des d’un punt de vista política, econòmic, social i filosòfic perfilant la gran importància d’aquests nuclis per garantir el total desenvolupament de la Corona d’Aragó durant una de les crisis més importants de la seva història.La presente tesis tiene como objetivo ofrecer un estudio sobre el papel que tuvieron las ciudades y villas de realengo más importantes de la Corona de Aragón durante el Interregno (1410-1412). Se trata de un momento en el cual se vive un periodo de vacío regio ya que, tras la muerte del rey Martín el Humano sin descendencia en 1410, los países integrantes de la Corona tuvieron que llegar a un acuerdo para la designación de un nuevo monarca. En este proceso destacan una serie de instituciones y entidades como los municipios, una de las piezas clave en este periodo y desde los cuales se construirán y se asentarán las políticas básicas para la gestión de esta crisis. De este modo, el presente estudio analiza cuál fue el papel de las ciudades y villas de la Corona desde un punto de vista político, económico, social y filosófico perfilando la gran importancia de estos núcleos para garantizar el pleno desarrollo de la Corona de Aragón durante una de las crisis más importantes de su historia.This thesis has been written with the aim of providing an analysis of the role of the most important villages and cities of the Crown of Aragon that belonged to the king during the Interregnum. That was a moment when the territories remained without a king due to the decease of Martin the Human without an offspring in 1410. As a result, the regions which constituted the Crown had to reach an agreement to appoint a new monarch. During the process, some institutions and entities such as municipalities stood out and became one of the key elements of the period because it was from there where some basic policies were reinforced in order to manage the crisis. Therefore, in this way, this study examines which the role of cities and villages of the Crown was with regard to different fields like policy, economy, society and philosophy among others. In addition, it is made with the goal of outlining the great importance of these urban areas which ensured the total development of the Crown of Aragon during one of the most important crisis of its history

El poder municipal durante el Interregno en la Corona de Aragón (1410-1412)

La present tesi té com objectiu oferir un estudi sobre el paper que van tenir les ciutats i viles de reialme més importants de la Corona d’Aragó durant l’Interregne. Es tracta d’un moment on es viu un període de buit monàrquic ja que, arran la mort de Martí l’Humà sense descendència al 1410, els països integrants de la Corona van haver d’arribat a un acord per a la designació d’un nou monarca. En aquest procés destaquen una sèrie d’institucions i entitats com els municipis, una de les peces clau en aquest període i des dels quals es construirà i es cimentaran les polítiques bàsiques per a la gestió de la crisi. D’aquesta forma, el present estudi analitza quin va ser el paper de les ciutats i viles de la Corona des d’un punt de vista política, econòmic, social i filosòfic perfilant la gran importància d’aquests nuclis per garantir el total desenvolupament de la Corona d’Aragó durant una de les crisis més importants de la seva història.La presente tesis tiene como objetivo ofrecer un estudio sobre el papel que tuvieron las ciudades y villas de realengo más importantes de la Corona de Aragón durante el Interregno (1410-1412). Se trata de un momento en el cual se vive un periodo de vacío regio ya que, tras la muerte del rey Martín el Humano sin descendencia en 1410, los países integrantes de la Corona tuvieron que llegar a un acuerdo para la designación de un nuevo monarca. En este proceso destacan una serie de instituciones y entidades como los municipios, una de las piezas clave en este periodo y desde los cuales se construirán y se asentarán las políticas básicas para la gestión de esta crisis. De este modo, el presente estudio analiza cuál fue el papel de las ciudades y villas de la Corona desde un punto de vista político, económico, social y filosófico perfilando la gran importancia de estos núcleos para garantizar el pleno desarrollo de la Corona de Aragón durante una de las crisis más importantes de su historia.This thesis has been written with the aim of providing an analysis of the role of the most important villages and cities of the Crown of Aragon that belonged to the king during the Interregnum. That was a moment when the territories remained without a king due to the decease of Martin the Human without an offspring in 1410. As a result, the regions which constituted the Crown had to reach an agreement to appoint a new monarch. During the process, some institutions and entities such as municipalities stood out and became one of the key elements of the period because it was from there where some basic policies were reinforced in order to manage the crisis. Therefore, in this way, this study examines which the role of cities and villages of the Crown was with regard to different fields like policy, economy, society and philosophy among others. In addition, it is made with the goal of outlining the great importance of these urban areas which ensured the total development of the Crown of Aragon during one of the most important crisis of its history